The Learning in Science Group, directed by  Professor C. P. Constantinou, focuses on researching and exploring the conceptual, reasoning and epistemological difficulties encountered by students in their efforts to acquire learning in the Natural Sciences.  The Group uses the results of this research in the development of research-validated teaching-learning sequences that promote conceptual understanding combined with scientific thinking and active participation in epistemic practices. Our teaching-learning sequences are designed to take into consideration research findings on the initial ideas and difficulties encountered by students in relation to the specified learning objectives and undergo an iterative process of refinement and improvement, which includes enactments in real classroom environments, evaluation of the learning outcomes and modification (either of individual activities or the sequence itself).  In addition to conducting research and developing teaching-learning sequences, our research team implements two educational programs. The first aims to help pre-service and in-service teachers improve their understanding of physics and acquire confidence in enacting validated teaching-learning materials and innovative approaches to their teaching. The second is a combined Master and PhD program on Learning in the Natural Sciences.